די ליטװינטער האָבן גענומען באַלעבאַטעװען. די שטאָט איז דעמאָלט געװען אוסגעהונגערט, האָבן זײ גלײַך אָרגאַניזירט אַ סטבילן צופֿלוס פֿון שפּײַז־פּראָדוקטן פֿון ליטע. פֿלײַש, פּוטער, װײַס מעל, מילך, אײַער אד”גל האָבן זיך באַװיזן אין שטאָט, הגם די ערשטע צײַט, פֿלעגט מען פּראָדוקטן אַרויסגעבן אין אַ באַגרענצטער צאָל. […]
צו דער צײַט (סוף אָקטאָבער – אָנהויב נאָװעמבער) האָב איך זיך אין װילנע געטראָפֿן מיטן דירעקטאָר פֿון “דזשאָינט” אין פּוילן פּר. גיטערמאַן. היות װי אין װילנע בין איך געװען װי בײַ זיך אינדערהײם, האָב איך אים פֿיל געהאָלפֿן בײַם אָרגאַניזירן הילף פֿאַר די פּליטים, בײַם באַזאָרגן זײ מיט װינטערדיקע פּאָלטנס, װײַל אַלע זײַנען קײן װילנע דאָך געקומען צעלויפֿן אין זומערדיקע מאַנטלען. אין דער צײַט זײַנען קײן װילנע אָנגעקומען מײַנע פֿרײַנט – נח פּרילוצקי, לאַזאַר קאַהאַן, שושנה א.אַ. פֿיל פֿון מײַנע אַלטע פֿרײַנט האָבן באַקומען הילף בײַ מיר אין שטוב.
אין יענעם יאָר האָט זיך געשטעלט אַ פֿריער און שװערער װינטער, די פֿרעסט זײַנען געװען מוראדיקע. מיר האָבן אַ סך פּליטים באַזאָרגט מיט װאַרעמע בגדים און װעש.
פֿיל אַנדערע פּליטים האָבן בעקומען פֿון “דזשאָינט” שטאָף, האָט מען זײ, פֿאַר ביליקע פּרײַזן, בײַ אונדז אויפֿגענײט אַ מלבוש. נח פּרילוצקי איז אַ ביסל קראַנק געװען אויף די נירן, לאַזאַר קאַהאַן אויך – פֿלעגן זײ, כּמעט טאָג־טעגלעך, קומען אויף טײ מיט װאַרעניעס (קאָנפֿיטורן). דאָס רובֿ ייִדישע שרײַבער און פּאָליטישע טוערס האָבן געװוינט אין דער “אָבשטשעזשיציע” אויף סאַדאָװע 4; אַנדערע האָבן געדונגען זיך צימערן, אָדער זײַנען סתּם אײַנגעלאַדן געװאָרן אין פּריװאַטע הײַזער. נ. פּרילוצקי האָט געװוינט בײַם באַקאַנטן קולטור־טוער ד. קאַפּלאַן־קאַפּלאַנסקי. זײער פֿיל פֿון די פּליטים האָבן גלײַך גענומען האַנדלען, כּדי צו פֿאַרדינען דעם ביסן ברויט און ניט דאַרפֿן אָנקמען צו קײנעמס טיש.
The Lithuanians started with the administration. At that time the city was starving, so they directly organized a stable inflow of food from Lithuania. Meat, butter, white flour, milk, eggs and the like appeared in the city, but in the beginning the products were distributed in limited numbers. […]
During this period (end of October – beginning of September) I met in Vilnius the director of the Joint in Poland Prof. Giterman. Since I was at home in Vilnius, I did a lot of work organizing help for refugees, to provide them with winter coats, because everyone had run to Vilnius with summer coats, after all. During this time my friends arrived in Vilnius – Noyekh Prilutski, Lazar Kahan, Shushne and others. Many of my old friends got help at my home.
In that year there was an early and hard winter, the cold was terrible. We provided many refugees with warm clothes and underwear.
Many other refugees got fabric from the Joint. So they got a piece of clothing sewn for a small price. Noyekh Prilutski was a little bit sick in his kidneys, Lazar Kahan, too – so they came to me almost every day for a tea with jam. The majority of Jewish writers and political activists lived in the dormitory at 4 Sadowa Street; others rented rooms, or were simply invited to private homes. N. Prilutski, for example, stayed with the well-known philanthropist D. Kaplan-Kaplanski. Many refugees began to trade in order to earn a bite of bread for themselves and not to be dependent on other people’s tables.
Mendel Balberyszski (1894-1966) was born in Vilnius but had been living in Łódź for over a decade at the outbreak of the Second World War. In the interwar period, Balberyszski was an editor of the Yiddish newspaper Der Tog (The Day) in Vilnius. He became a member of the Polish Jewish Folkspartey (People’s Party) and, as part of it, fought for cultural autonomy for Polish Jewry. In 1925, Balberyszski founded the Association of Jewish Craftsmen and Small Entrepreneurs in Łódź and became the president of the largest Jewish aid organization Noten Lekhem (Bread Giver). In 1939, he became the leader of the Polish Democratic Party, one of the three most important political parties in interwar Poland.
In the first days of September 1939, he decided to flee from the German Wehrmacht to Vilnius, where he arrived in relief on September 29. Here he directly took over various aid activities for refugees for whom, unlike him, Vilnius was not their home town and who were dependent on other support. Balberyszski is thus an interesting case of a refugee who arrived in his hometown by chance, knowing the structures and being able and willing to use them for the necessary relief work.
Balberyszski survived the “liquidation” of the small and large ghetto in Vilnius and experienced the liberation by the Red Army in a concentration camp in Estonia. After the end of the war he emigrated to Australia and continued to be actively involved in Jewish community work. He founded the Association of Partisans and Camp Survivors, of which he became president. His memoir Shtarker fun ayzn : Iberlebungen in der Hitler-tkufe (“Stronger than Iron, Surviving in Hitlers era”), this text being among them, was published in 1967.
Excerpt:
Mendel Balberyszski, Shtarker fun ayzn : Iberlebungen in der Hitler-tkufe, Vol. 1 (Tel Aviv: HaMenorah, 1967), pp. 75–77.
From the Yiddish Book Center’s Steven Spielberg Digital Yiddish Library.
Shortly after the German attack on Poland on September 1, 1939, it was decided within the first week of the war that the Polish government was to be withdrawn eastbound as Warsaw was threatened. The Polish press, among them representatives of the Jewish Polish press, was to be rescued as part of the evacuation plans.
On 8 February, 1940, Pese R. entered the office of the "Committee to Collect Material about the Destruction of Polish Jewry, 1939" in Vilnius, Lithuania in order to give an interview. She was one of many Polish Jewish refugees who had found shelter in Vilnius.
On 21 December, 1939, Chaim-Leyb D. was interviewed by the "Committee to Collect Material about the Destruction of Polish Jewry, 1939" in Vilnius, Lithuania.
Among the more than 10,000 Jews who were stranded in Vilnius in the fall of 1939 there was the librarian and political activist Herman Kruk from Warsaw. His exceptional diary records and press reports sketch a mosaic of the heterogenous society of refugees in Vilnius since the beginning of the war.
Internal communications between the Vilnius delegation of the Jewish Joint Distribution Committee and the New York Headquarters.
On the night of September 5-6, 1939, just a few days after the German attack on Poland, a group of Jewish journalists and writers…
On the night of September 5-6, 1939, just a few days after the German attack on Poland, a group of Jewish journalists and writers…
A letter from Emanuel Ringelblum to Raphael Mahler
Herman Kruk writes about his pain facing the catastrophic war situation in his chosen hometown Warsaw.
Report compiled by Moses Beckelman, Lithuanian delegate of the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, about the “Nobody’s Land” within the Suwałki Triangle, 10 November…
Mendel Balberyszski (1894-1966) was born in Vilnius but had been living in Łódź for over a decade at the outbreak of the Second World…
Benzion Benshalom writes about his euphoria after attending a Zionist assembly in Vilnius for the first time.
